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Related Concept Videos

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

Thermometers and Temperature Scales

Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short distances...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
10:52

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

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LED-pumped room-temperature solid-state maser.

Sophia Long1, Lisa Lopez2, Bethan Ford1

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

Communications Engineering
|July 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a cost-effective, LED-pumped maser for microwave amplification. This device offers a safe, low-voltage alternative for applications in quantum technology and radio astronomy.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Quantum Optics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (MASERs) are crucial for sensitive signal amplification.
  • Traditional masers often require complex, high-energy pumping mechanisms, limiting their practicality and cost-effectiveness.
  • Room-temperature operation is highly desirable for widespread adoption and reduced operational complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel, cost-effective, and safe room-temperature maser.
  • To utilize light-emitting diode (LED) technology for pumping a maser system.
  • To explore the potential of pentacene-doped para-terphenyl as a gain medium for LED-pumped masers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized pentacene-doped para-terphenyl as the gain medium.
  • Employed a brightness-enhanced and guided LED light source.
  • Integrated a cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) luminescent concentrator to focus LED light.
  • Achieved microwave amplification at 1.45 GHz.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated persistent maser emission at 1.45 GHz with a duration of 200 µs.
  • Achieved a microwave output power of 0.014 mW.
  • The LED-pumped maser operated at low voltage, ensuring safety and reduced costs.
  • Performance surpassed previous non-laser pumped systems.

Conclusions:

  • The LED-pumped maser represents a significant advancement in maser technology.
  • This approach offers a practical, cost-effective, and safe alternative to traditional masers.
  • Potential applications span sensitive magnetic resonance imaging, portable atomic clocks, quantum technologies, and deep-space radio astronomy.