Integrating mixed reality, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence in complex liver surgeries: Enhancing...

Hepatobiliary surgeries, particularly hepatectomy and liver transplantation, are critical interventions for hepatic malignancies and end-stage liver diseases. These complex procedures face challenges due to the liver's intricate anatomy and vascularization. The integration of Mixed Reality (MR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly enhancing the precision, safety, and outcomes of these surgeries. MR and AR improve visualization of anatomical structures, assist in preoperative planning, and support patient education through immersive 3D models. AI-driven technologies provide real-time intraoperative feedback and navigation, optimizing surgical decisions and minimizing risks. Postoperatively, these technologies aid in patient education and recovery management, ultimately improving outcomes. This review explores the applications of MR, AR, and AI in liver surgeries and their potential to transform surgical practice by enhancing precision, safety, and patient engagement.