Forensic skeletal and molecular anthropology face to face: Combining expertise for identification of human remains

Forensic anthropology (FA) has grown significantly as a well-established and independent discipline dedicated to the examination and identification of human remains in medicolegal and humanitarian contexts. When soft tissues are highly decomposed, skeletal analysis often provides more reliable data for reconstructing biological profiles and determining identity. The increasing number of unidentified decedents in both domestic and humanitarian scenarios highlights the need for forensic anthropologists. In this context, molecular anthropology (MA) could support FA by offering additional tools for forensic identification, although collaboration between these two fields remains uncommon. Drawing from the authors' experience, this review emphasizes the value of collaboration to enhance case resolution. This review shows that when FA encounters limitations, MA may provide critical insight to address unanswered questions. Although the full integration of FA and MA has yet to be realized, combining the strengths of both fields allows for the creation of more comprehensive biological profiles, thus significantly improving the chances of identifying unknown remains. This interdisciplinary approach broadens FA's scope and drives the development of innovative techniques and methodologies, advancing the pursuit of truth and justice.