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Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates
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A Functional-Aggregate Method for Repeatable Determination of Vertebral Coordinate Systems.

Tara Nagle1, Jeremy G Loss1,2, Robb Colbrunn1,2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 E. 96th Street, Cleveland, OH 44106.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|July 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new functional-aggregate method for creating spinal coordinate systems (CSs) significantly reduces observer variability in measuring spine motion. This approach enhances the reproducibility of in vitro spine testing for better biomechanical analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Spinal Surgery
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of intervertebral motion during in vitro spine testing requires establishing local vertebral coordinate systems (CSs).
  • Traditional anatomical CS rely on landmark collection, which is prone to observer variability and lacks reproducibility.
  • This variability can significantly impact the accuracy of kinematic response calculations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel functional-aggregate method for establishing reproducible local CS in the spine.
  • To compare the observer variability of the functional-aggregate CS with traditional anatomical CS.
  • To assess the impact of CS definition on kinematic response variability in the spine.

Main Methods:

  • Three observers collected anatomical landmarks on a full spine model (C2-L5) and three cadaveric lumbar spines (T12-L5).
  • Vertebral CS axis orientation variation was calculated for anatomical and aggregate CS groups.
  • Intervertebral kinematics were calculated using both CS methods under pure-moment loading conditions.

Main Results:

  • The functional-aggregate method significantly reduced observer variation in vertebral CS axis orientation for lateral bending, axial rotation, and flexion/extension.
  • Average kinematic response variation was significantly reduced with the functional-aggregate CS compared to the anatomical CS.
  • Specific reductions in variation were observed for lateral bending (1.22° ± 0.72°), axial rotation (0.97° ± 0.53°), and flexion/extension (1.20° ± 1.26°).

Conclusions:

  • The functional-aggregate method offers a more reproducible solution for defining spinal CS compared to traditional anatomical approaches.
  • This novel method is less influenced by observer differences in landmark collection.
  • The findings suggest improved accuracy and reliability in in vitro spine biomechanical studies.