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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
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Bugged before birth?: How maternal microbes reprogram offspring immunity.

Madison S Strine1, Liza Konnikova2

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

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|July 10, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal antibiotic use disrupts the gut microbiome, weakening offspring immunity to influenza. Supplementing with a Bifidobacterium metabolite restored immune function, highlighting a crucial in utero gut-lung axis.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Early-life microbial exposures significantly influence long-term health outcomes.
  • Antibiotic administration during pregnancy can alter the maternal and infant gut microbiome.
  • The gut microbiome plays a critical role in immune system development and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of maternal antibiotic treatment on offspring immunity.
  • To explore the role of gut dysbiosis in susceptibility to respiratory infections.
  • To identify potential therapeutic interventions to restore immune function.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were administered antibiotics during pregnancy.
  • Offspring were infected with influenza virus to assess immune response.
  • Gut microbial composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing.
  • CD8+ T cell function was evaluated in spleen and lung tissues.
  • Treatment with a Bifidobacterium metabolite was administered to assess its restorative effects.

Main Results:

  • Maternal antibiotic treatment led to significant gut dysbiosis in offspring.
  • Offspring exhibited impaired CD8+ T cell responses and increased susceptibility to influenza.
  • Administration of a Bifidobacterium metabolite reversed CD8+ T cell dysfunction.
  • The metabolite treatment restored immune competence against influenza infection.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal antibiotic exposure during a critical developmental window disrupts the gut-lung immune axis.
  • Targeting the gut microbiome with specific metabolites can ameliorate antibiotic-induced immune deficits.
  • These findings underscore the importance of the in utero gut microbiome for establishing lifelong immunity.