Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

265
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
265
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists01:23

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

258
Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
258
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

107
The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
107
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

227
Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme...
227
Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

2.9K
Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
2.9K
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

1.8K
The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Approach to the Patient: Cases of Hormonal Management in Older Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same author

Breastfeeding and Chestfeeding Experiences of Cisgender Sexual Minority Women, Transgender, and Gender Diverse Parents.

Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association·2025
Same author

Gender Trends in Professional Advancement Among Academic Pediatric Neurologists.

JAMA network open·2025
Same author

Trends in Lower Respiratory Tract Diagnoses and Nonrecommended Bronchiolitis Therapies.

Pediatrics·2025
Same author

A Call to Action: Advancing Research, Practice, and Policy for Middle Aged and Older Transgender and Nonbinary Communities.

International journal of transgender health·2025
Same author

Digital Biometric Measures in Long COVID: A Secondary Analysis of the STOP-PASC Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA network open·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:24

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

929

Injectable Estradiol Monotherapy Effectively Suppresses Testosterone in Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy.

Aaron L Misakian1, Danit Ariel2, Erika A Sullivan3

  • 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
|July 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Injectable estradiol effectively suppresses testosterone in transgender and gender-diverse individuals. Progestogen use further lowers testosterone, while spironolactone shows no significant effect.

Keywords:
estradiol cypionateestradiol injectionsestradiol valerategender-affirming hormone therapytestosterone suppressiontransgender

More Related Videos

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration
06:51

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Published on: June 7, 2012

57.9K
An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

12.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:24

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

929
Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration
06:51

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Published on: June 7, 2012

57.9K
An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

12.3K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Health
  • Transgender Healthcare

Background:

  • Estrogen therapy is used for feminization in transgender and gender-diverse individuals.
  • Understanding factors influencing testosterone suppression is crucial for effective hormone therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between injectable estradiol and serum total testosterone (TT) concentrations.
  • To determine the impact of covariates like administration method, ester type, injection timing, and concurrent medications on TT levels.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective, multisite study analyzed data from 357 transgender and gender-diverse patients on weekly injectable estradiol.
  • Weighted linear mixed models assessed the relationship between TT concentration and various covariates.
  • Patients achieving guideline-recommended TT suppression (<50 ng/dL) were compared to those who did not.

Main Results:

  • Injectable estradiol monotherapy achieved TT suppression in 82.6% of patients.
  • Higher estradiol concentration, shorter time since injection, and progestogen use were associated with lower TT.
  • No significant difference in TT suppression was observed between estradiol monotherapy and combination therapy with antiandrogens or progestogens.

Conclusions:

  • Injectable estradiol is effective for testosterone suppression in transgender and gender-diverse individuals, comparable to combination therapies.
  • Progestogen use is independently linked to lower TT concentrations.
  • Spironolactone did not demonstrate a significant effect on TT suppression in this cohort.