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An Application for Pairing with Wearable Devices to Monitor Personal Health Status

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The Hawthorne effect on wearable technology: A systematic review.

Diego Agustín Abelleyra Lastoria¹, Sophie Keynes¹, Martine Nurek²

¹St George's University London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom.

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology

|July 10, 2025

Summary

Few studies on wearable technology acknowledge the Hawthorne effect. This review highlights the need to measure and report this effect in trials, and suggests harnessing it for behavior change.

Keywords:

Hawthorne effect Observer effect Reactivity Wearable technology bias

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Area of Science:

Wearable technology
Behavioral science
Health informatics

Background:

Wearable technology use is increasing for physical activity tracking and healthcare performance assessment.
The Hawthorne effect, where monitoring influences behavior, is relevant to wearable technology studies.
Understanding and managing the Hawthorne effect is crucial for accurate wearable technology research.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the acknowledgement and management of the Hawthorne effect in studies using wearable technology.
To identify how the Hawthorne effect is addressed in wearable technology research.

Main Methods:

A systematic search of literature databases and conference proceedings was conducted up to August 31, 2024.
Studies were included if they acknowledged, controlled for, measured, or leveraged the Hawthorne effect in wearable technology research.

Main Results:

Out of over 16 million records, only 28 studies (0.0002%) addressed the Hawthorne effect.
Most studies (75%) acknowledged the effect but did not measure or control for it.
Few studies attempted to mitigate or harness the Hawthorne effect, with mixed results on its impact on behavior change.

Conclusions:

The Hawthorne effect is largely unaddressed in wearable technology studies.
Future research should measure and report the Hawthorne effect in randomized controlled trials.
Harnessing the Hawthorne effect may be a strategy to promote behavior change and improve health outcomes.