Oxytocin Neuropeptide in the Control of Drug Dependence: A Review of Past Studies and Future Challenges

Oxytocin has been the focus of much research today. Although initially thought to be a simple peptide involved in uterine contractions, further research has shown that it is a neurotransmitter that influences human social behavior and also plays a role in anxiety and addiction. Interestingly, oxytocin receptors are present throughout the brain, and the oxytocin system interacts with the reward and glutamate systems at several sites. Therefore, many studies have investigated the effect of oxytocin administration on drug tolerance and dependence. Given the importance of the subject, the present literature specifically summarizes the results of studies (clinical and preclinical) conducted on the effect of oxytocin on drug dependence. We then review the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-addictive effects of oxytocin, and finally address the challenges of clinical application of oxytocin. Despite some conflicting results, many findings have clearly demonstrated that oxytocin administration can reduce drug-induced dependence. The present review suggests further studies to address some of the challenges of the clinical application of oxytocin in addiction treatment, such as dose-dependent effects in different brain regions.