Brucellosis in the omics era: integrative perspectives on Brucella genomic architecture, host-pathogen interactions,...

Brucellosis is a widespread and persistent zoonotic disease caused by Gram-negative Brucella species, posing significant threats to human health, livestock, and economic stability. This review provides a comprehensive insight into current knowledge on Brucella pathogenicity, genomic structure and therapeutic challenges. We highlight the host-specific pathogenic mechanism of predominated species as B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis and B. canis focusing on their bipartite genome organization, virulence factors and strategies for intracellular survival and immune evasion. Diagnostic approaches including serological assays, such as SAT, ELISA, and molecular techniques like PCR molecular techniques are critically evaluated, alongside current antibiotic regimens and their limitations due to resistance and relapse. We further discuss promising developments in vaccine research-such as live attenuated, subunit, and DNA-based platforms-as well as adjunctive therapies involving nanotechnology, herbal compounds, and novel antibiotics. Emphasis is placed on the integration of genomic insights with therapeutic innovation. We conclude by identifying key research priorities, including the need for improved diagnostics, resistance profiling, and next-generation vaccines. This review underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to mitigate the global burden of brucellosis and advance translational research in prevention and treatment.