Three-dimensional digital quantitative analysis of periodontal and peri-implant phenotype-A narrative review

3D digital evaluation of the periodontal and peri-implant tissue, including CBCT, intraoral scanning, optical surface scanning, and ultrasonography, is being used in the clinical arena with increasing frequency. Thus, to validate the utilization of 3D digital analysis for this purpose, a critical evaluation of the reliability of digital approaches relative to conventional methodologies is necessary. Therefore, the goal of the present review is to provide a summary of the existing literature addressing the use of CBCT and intraoral scanning to evaluate the periodontal and peri-implant tissues, highlighting both the advantages and disadvantages of 3D digital methodologies versus conventional approaches. A synopsis of currently available hardware and software is provided. Finally, the review discusses the implications of artificial intelligence in the future development of digital technology for assessing the structures of the periodontal and peri-implant tissue. This review provides a foundation for understanding current 3D digital analysis approaches for the evaluation of periodontal and peri-implant phenotype. While current CBCT and intraoral scanning technologies provide accurate quantitative measurements comparable to conventional methods, the full potential of 3D digital clinical data has not been undermined. Future advancement requires a fundamental shift in how we conceptualize and analyze periodontal and peri-implant tissue relationships in three-dimensional space, moving beyond conventional evaluation protocols. Integration of artificial intelligence and deep learning tools with these comprehensive 3D datasets in the future will enable more precise diagnosis and treatment outcome assessment, revolutionizing how we evaluate periodontal and peri-implant phenotypes.