Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 16, 2025
Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
Published on: April 6, 2022
Effects of different dietary patterns on glucose management in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jiayi Zeng1,2, Miranda Beck1, Afroditi Alexandra Barouti3,4
1Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Background:
Effective glucose management is essential to prevent complications in type 1 diabetes. While nutrition therapy is crucial, the optimal diet remains uncertain. Our systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the impact of various diets on glucose management in type 1 diabetes.
Methods:
We systematically searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to 11 November 2024 for RCTs on dietary patterns and glucose control outcomes in type 1 diabetes, including HbA1c, time in range (TIR), coefficient of variation (CV), hypoglycemia, insulin dose, and anthropometric characteristics. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the RoB-2 tool. We estimated summary mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs using random-effects models. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using GRADE. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023479252).
Findings:
Out of 5287 studies, 35 RCTs involving children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes were eligible. Higher-fiber diets (≥35 g/day, 5 RCTs) reduced HbA1c (MD -0.46%, 95% CI -0.93 to 0.00, I2 65%) and hypoglycemia (MD -0.81 episodes/month, 95% CI -1.34 to -0.28, I2 0%), with moderate and low certainty of evidence, respectively. Carbohydrate-restricted diets (≤45% energy, 20 RCTs) improved TIR (MD 3.84%, 95% CI 2.24-5.44, I2 0%), CV (MD -3.24%, 95% CI -5.51 to -0.97, I2 53%), and insulin needs (MD -5.63 U/day, 95% CI -9.51 to -1.74, I2 70%), but not HbA1c, with low to moderate certainty of evidence. Higher-protein, low-glycemic index, gluten-free, Mediterranean, vegan, and intermittent fasting diets showed no effects on glucose management (1-6 RCTs), although certainty of evidence was low.
Interpretation:
Maintaining a high-fiber diet while restricting other carbohydrates may improve glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Further investigation is needed into long-term effects and other diets.
Funding:
Swedish Research Council, Swedish Diabetes Foundation, and the Strategic Research Programme in Diabetes at Karolinska Institutet.
More Related Videos
08:13Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
Published on: January 7, 2018
06:21Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
Published on: April 7, 2023
Related Concept Videos
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
01:15Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
01:36Carbohydrate Metabolism
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
01:15Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications
01:20Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...