Nighttime Caffeine Intake Increases Motor Impulsivity

Caffeine is commonly consumed at night by shift workers and military personnel for its wake-promoting effect, yet its adverse effects on behavior remain underexplored. Here, we show that nighttime caffeine intake impairs inhibitory control in Drosophila melanogaster , resulting in impulsive motor behavior, with females more sensitive than males. This effect is independent of hyperactivity or sleep loss, as walking speed was unchanged, and artificial sleep deprivation via light or mechanical stimulation did not elicit similar deficits. Notably, daytime caffeine feeding did not impair inhibitory control, highlighting a circadian gating of caffeine's behavioral impact. Mechanistically, we identify dopamine signaling as a key mediator of caffeine-induced impulsivity. Reduced dopamine synthesis ( pale/+ ), silencing of PAM dopaminergic neurons, or altered dopamine transporter activity ( fumin/+ ) attenuated or exacerbated caffeine-induced impulsivity. Targeted manipulations identified the dopamine D1 receptor (dDA1/Dop1R1) in the mushroom body (MB) α/β and γ lobes as essential for this effect, with γ-lobe neurons exhibiting heightened sensitivity. These findings reveal a circadian- and dopamine-dependent mechanism through which nighttime caffeine impairs behavioral inhibition.