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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

608
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
608
Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

228
When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
228
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

892
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
892
General External Flow Characteristics01:26

General External Flow Characteristics

283
The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. When a body is immersed in a flowing fluid, it experiences two primary forces: drag, which opposes motion along the flow direction, and lift, which acts perpendicular to the flow. The shape, size, and orientation of the object influence these forces.Streamlined and Blunt Bodies in External FlowObjects in fluid flow are classified as...
283
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

2.1K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
2.1K
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

986
In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
986

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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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How key features of early development shape deep convective systems.

Sophie Abramian1, Caroline Muller2, Camille Risi1

  • 1Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSL, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, Paris, France.

NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Science
|July 11, 2025
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Summary

Deep Convective Systems (DCSs) are key tropical rain sources. System-intrinsic properties, not just the environment, significantly influence their final size, especially for larger systems.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Climate Science
  • Meteorology

Background:

  • Deep Convective Systems (DCSs) are crucial for tropical precipitation and radiation budget.
  • Understanding DCS growth factors and future behavior in a warming climate is a fundamental challenge.
  • Previous research focused on environmental controls or idealized internal dynamics, lacking a clear understanding of their relative roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively assess the relative influence of internal versus external factors on the mature cloud shield size of DCSs.
  • To determine the key predictors of DCS mature size throughout their development.
  • To investigate the dominance of intrinsic properties versus environmental conditions in controlling DCS size.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the high-resolution global SAM simulation from the DYAMOND project.
  • Employed TOOCAN Lagrangian tracking for DCS identification and analysis.
  • Applied machine learning tools to analyze system growth and influencing factors.

Main Results:

  • System growth rate in the first 2 hours predicts final size (r=0.65).
  • Beyond 2 hours, growth rate is the strongest predictor of DCS size.
  • Early DCS development is influenced by ice water path heterogeneity, migration, neighboring systems, and deep shear.

Conclusions:

  • System-intrinsic properties have a stronger influence on mature DCS size than environmental conditions.
  • The initial environment does not strictly constrain the final size of DCSs.
  • Internal dynamics become dominant in determining the size of larger DCSs.