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Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

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Recognizing Synchronous Multiple Primary Lung Cancer: A Case Report.

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  • 1Internal Medicine, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A former smoker with multiple pulmonary nodules was diagnosed with three distinct lung cancers using robot-assisted bronchoscopy. This case highlights the importance of individual nodule biopsy for accurate staging and curative treatment.

Keywords:
cigarette smokingfield cancerizationincidental radiological findinglung cancer stagingmulti-disciplinary teamsnon small cell lung cancerpleural nodulepulmonary carcinoid tumorsynchronous primary cancers

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Oncology
  • Thoracic Surgery

Background:

  • Pulmonary nodules are common findings, often detected during lung cancer screening via low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) or incidentally on other imaging.
  • While most nodules are benign, lung cancer, especially in advanced stages, presents significant treatment challenges due to metastasis.

Observation:

  • A 71-year-old female ex-smoker presented with chronic cough and dyspnea.
  • Computed tomography pulmonary angiography revealed three distinct pulmonary nodules.
  • Robot-assisted bronchoscopy (RAB) identified three separate primary lung malignancies: KRAS-mutated well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, EGFR-mutated poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and a well-differentiated carcinoid tumor.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with three distinct primary lung cancers, including two adenocarcinomas with different mutations (KRAS and EGFR) and a carcinoid tumor.
  • Staged surgical resections were performed with curative intent.

Implications:

  • This case challenges strict adherence to current pulmonary nodule guidelines (e.g., Fleischner Society), which might lead to misstaging and suboptimal palliative care.
  • It emphasizes the value of multi-nodule biopsy, facilitated by advanced tools like RAB, for precise characterization.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis of each lesion enables tailored, potentially curative treatment strategies.