New Perspectives and State of the Art in Interventional Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy) for Head and Neck Tumors

This review aims to evaluate the role of interventional radiotherapy (IRT - brachytherapy) in the clinical management of head and neck (H&N) cancers, focusing on recent technological advancements and their impact on clinical outcomes.

A comprehensive literature review of clinical applications of IRT in H&N cancers was conducted, emphasizing the role of advanced imaging intensity-modulated IRT and custom applicators. The role of artificial intelligence and several dose calculation algorithms in treatment planning was also analyzed.

IRT demonstrated efficacy across primary treatment, postoperative settings, and reirradiation, offering precise dose delivery while sparing adjacent healthy tissues. Innovations such as image-guided techniques and personalized 3D-printed applicators improved dosimetric accuracy and reduced toxicity. Functional outcomes were particularly favorable in sensitive anatomical regions like the nasal vestibule and oral cavity.

IRT remains a cornerstone of precision oncology for head and neck cancers, achieving high efficacy, reduced toxicity, and improved patient quality of life. These advancements highlight its crucial role in modern oncologic care.