[Treatment of neuroimmunological diseases with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells : Experience and new...

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies were originally developed for the treatment of hematological malignancies; however, they are gaining increasing importance in the treatment of selected individuals with severe, treatment-refractory courses of neuroimmunological diseases. This article discusses the available treatment experiences to date and the potentially promising biotechnological developments in the context of the underlying neuroimmunological pathophysiology.

The spectrum of immunopathology in neuroimmunological diseases ranges from classical autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis to immunologically complex conditions like multiple sclerosis. The CAR T cell products currently in use target B cells, leading to complete B cell depletion, including autoreactive B cell clones. The therapeutic response, measured by disease activity and biomarkers, varies depending on the underlying immunopathology. The use of CAR T cells in different disease entities has shown a favorable safety profile concerning acute toxicity.

Currently available and emerging CAR T cell therapy approaches open new therapeutic perspectives for neuroimmunological diseases. Larger studies are needed to assess safety, efficacy and long-term effects and to identify individual disease courses that may be suitable for the application of these forms of treatment.