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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

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Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
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Granulomas in bone marrow: is it always tuberculosis?

Erna Ahsan1, Shalini Singh2, Saurabh Kumar Gautam1

  • 1All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Rishikesh, India.

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Bone marrow granulomas are rare findings, often caused by infections like tuberculosis, but can also indicate malignancy or sarcoidosis. This study highlights the diverse causes of granulomatous inflammation in bone marrow biopsies to aid diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Pathology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Granulomas in bone marrow biopsies are infrequent, with reported incidences between 0.3% and 2.2%.
  • Tuberculosis is a primary cause of bone marrow granulomas in India, but other infectious and non-infectious etiologies exist.
  • Accurate interpretation of bone marrow granulomas is crucial for diagnosis and patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spectrum of disorders associated with granulomatous inflammation in bone marrow biopsies.
  • To differentiate between infectious and non-infectious causes of bone marrow granulomas.
  • To provide guidance for the investigation of potential causes of granulomas in bone marrow.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of bone marrow biopsies with reported granulomatous inflammation.
  • Review conducted over a 3-year period (2022-2024) at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh.
  • Inclusion of clinical and laboratory features for 22 identified cases.

Main Results:

  • An incidence of 0.63% granulomas was observed in 3485 bone marrow biopsies.
  • Infectious etiologies accounted for the majority of cases (59.1%).
  • Malignancy (36.34%) and sarcoidosis (4.5%) were other significant causes.

Conclusions:

  • Bone marrow granulomas necessitate comprehensive etiological investigation.
  • Infectious causes are predominant, followed by malignancies.
  • Understanding the differential diagnosis of bone marrow granulomas improves diagnostic accuracy.