Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves01:20

Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves

74
Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...
74
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

280
During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.
280
Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

128
A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
128

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sex differences in marathon pacing: analysis of 873,000 Berlin marathon runners reveals men are twice as likely to "hit the wall".

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Performance patterns and records in the world aquatics masters championships: Where do the most frequently represented nations among the top-ten masters swimmers come from?

PloS one·2026
Same author

Sleep quality and psychological interactions in endurance and ultra-endurance trail runners: A prospective cross-sectional study.

The Journal of international medical research·2026
Same author

Individually timed upper-limb post-activation performance enhancement improves 50 m front crawl performance in national-level swimmers.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Toward Precision Cardiac Rehabilitation: Current Limitations and Future Opportunities of Omics and Artificial Intelligence.

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)·2026
Same author

A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Isoinertial Flywheel vs. Traditional Resistance Training on Strength, Power, Speed, and Agility in Team Sports.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running
08:26

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Published on: July 17, 2020

6.1K

Change in elevation predicts 100 km ultra marathon performance.

Beat Knechtle1,2, Katja Weiss3, David Valero4

  • 1Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland. beat.knechtle@hispeed.ch.

Scientific Reports
|July 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Elevation significantly impacts 100-km ultra-marathon performance, with flat courses being faster. Track races yield the highest speeds, followed by road, trail, and mountain running. Fastest runners and races are concentrated in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe.

Keywords:
CountryEvent locationOriginUltra-enduranceUltra-marathonUltra-running

More Related Videos

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running
06:35

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

Published on: September 14, 2017

9.2K
A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement
08:27

A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement

Published on: February 22, 2022

3.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running
08:26

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Published on: July 17, 2020

6.1K
Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running
06:35

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

Published on: September 14, 2017

9.2K
A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement
08:27

A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement

Published on: February 22, 2022

3.3K

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Human Physiology
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • The 100-km ultra-marathon is a popular endurance event, yet scientific understanding of how race course characteristics influence performance is limited.
  • Previous research has not comprehensively analyzed the impact of geographical and course-specific factors on 100-km ultra-marathon race times.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the locations of the fastest 100-km races and the origins of elite runners.
  • To evaluate the influence of specific race characteristics, such as elevation and course type, on ultra-marathon performance.
  • To assess the relative importance of individual athlete performance compared to external race factors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 858,544 race records from 317,312 unique runners across 2,648 100-km races worldwide (1892-2022).
  • Utilized descriptive, inferential, and predictive statistical methods, including a machine learning XGBoost Regression model.
  • Employed a Mixed Effects Linear model to determine the relative effect of individual athlete performance.

Main Results:

  • Elevation was the most significant factor influencing average running speed (0.85), followed by the race country (0.07), gender, age group, runner's country of origin, and course characteristics (all 0.02).
  • Track running (9.32 km/h) was fastest, followed by road (8.11 km/h), trail (6.21 km/h), and mountain (5.74 km/h). Flat courses (8.85 km/h) were faster than hilly ones (6.57 km/h).
  • Fastest runners originated from African and Eastern European countries; fastest races were in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, often being indoor or championship events.

Conclusions:

  • Elevation is the paramount factor in 100-km ultra-marathon performance, outweighing other variables like race location and athlete demographics.
  • Course type critically affects speed, with track and flat terrain offering significant advantages over trail, mountain, or hilly conditions.
  • Geographical factors, particularly the concentration of fast races and runners in specific regions, highlight the interplay between environment and elite endurance performance.