Effective and reusable microcrystalline cellulose beads for adsorption of lead from water

This study aims to investigate the adsorption and desorption of Pb(II) on microcrystalline cellulose beads (MCC-beads). MCC-beads composed of regenerated cellulose were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms. The pH and flowrate of solution flowing through the fixed-bed column were optimized to maximize the adsorption of Pb(II). The best conditions for the adsorption were pH 6 and flowrate 0.5 mL min^-1. The maximum adsorption capacity under equilibrium conditions (batch) was 108.4 mg g^-1 and for fixed-bed column was 40.9 mg g^-1. The reusability of the MCC-beads after nine adsorption elution cycles was performed with almost no loss in the sequestration efficiency. The adsorption and desorption of spiked Pb(II) ions in drinking water and dam water were found in the range of 93% to 102%, respectively. The adsorption of Pb(II) ions from seawater on the MCC-beads was less efficient due to the presence of other ions (competitive adsorption) and complex formation between chlorine ions and Pb(II). The adsorption and desorption results indicated that the MCC-beads are efficient biobased adsorbents for application in real water remediation and recovery of Pb(II).