Livestock Animal Hair as an Indicator of Environmental Heavy Metals Pollution in Central Albania

Trace elements, which may have harmful health effects, are present in the environment at varying concentrations. In Albania, data on exposure risks are limited. This study aimed to assess and compare the concentrations of various trace elements (aluminum, arsenic, boron, calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc) in the hair of cattle and sheep raised in Central Albania (Tirana and Elbasan Counties). Hair samples were collected from 25 cattle and 25 sheep per county and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Zinc concentrations were significantly higher in cattle than in sheep (p = 0.029), while no differences were observed between counties (p > 0.05), indicating similar environmental conditions. Copper (17.84, 95%CI: 13.63-16.34 and 15.84, 95%CI: 14.00-17.69 mg/kg in cattle, and 15.58, 95%CI: 13.61-17.56 and 14.14, 95%CI: 12.07-16.20 mg/kg in sheep, in Elbasan and Tirana County, respectively), arsenic (2.08, 95%CI: 1.45-1.21 and 1.51, 95%CI: 1.19-1.81 mg/kg in cattle, 1.73, 95%CI: 1.38-2.07 and 1.39, 95%CI: 1.02-1.75 mg/kg in sheep, in Elbasan and Tirana County, respectively), and cadmium (2.36, 95%CI: 1.63-2.07 and 2.00, 95%CI: 1.68-2.32 mg/kg in cattle, 2.00, 95%CI: 1.59-2.40 and 1.71, 95%CI: 1.39-2.02 mg/kg in sheep, in Elbasan and Tirana County, respectively) concentrations exceeded the values reported in the literature, likely due to contamination from local mining and metal processing activities. Further research is needed to determine the sources of contamination and assess potential risks to animal and human health.