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Related Concept Videos

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

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Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
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Drug Absorption Mechanism: Passive Membrane Transport01:23

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Passive transport is a method of drug absorption where small, lipid-soluble drugs can move across the cell membrane. This movement happens along the concentration gradient, which is a natural flow from higher to lower concentration areas. The speed at which the drug moves is directly related to its lipid–water partition coefficient. This means that the more a drug dissolves in lipids, the faster it diffuses or spreads throughout the body. It is important to note that most drugs are either...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles
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Nonionic Fast-Penetration System for Diffusion-Driven Degradation of Liquid Plugs.

Yuexin Tian1, Yintao Liu1, Haifeng Dong1

  • 1Petroleum Engineering Technology Institute of Southwest Petroleum Branch, SINOPEC, Deyang 618000, China.

Polymers
|July 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new strategy for faster degradation of liquid gel plugs used in high-temperature oil reservoirs. The enhanced plug design ensures rapid breakdown, improving zonal isolation efficiency.

Keywords:
coupled diffusion–degradation modelliquid plugmicro-scale mechanical evolutionnonionic fast-penetration mechanismstructural response behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Petroleum Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Degradable liquid gel plugs are crucial for zonal isolation in high-temperature reservoirs.
  • Current plugs suffer from slow degradation and incomplete structural failure, limiting their practical application.
  • Effective zonal isolation requires plugs that can be controllably degraded after their service life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a diffusion-driven degradation strategy for epoxy-anhydride liquid plugs.
  • To enhance the decomposability and structural failure of plugs in high-temperature environments.
  • To investigate the mechanism of plug degradation using a novel approach.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized γ-valerolactone (GVL) and a nonionic fast-penetration agent (Tb).
  • Employed a multiscale characterization framework: swelling index, SEM-EDS, FTIR mapping, CLSM, μ-CT, AFM, and nanoindentation.
  • Evaluated degradation behavior under varying temperatures (120-140 °C) and solvent-to-plug ratios (1:1-5:1).

Main Results:

  • The plug showed a swelling index of 1.81 in GVL and formed 20-30 μm tree-like degradation channels.
  • Functional group mapping indicated preferential cleavage of ester and ether bonds.
  • Mechanical softening (modulus reduction > 57%) was observed, and degradation time decreased from 84 h to 12 h with increased temperature and solvent ratio.

Conclusions:

  • A "penetration-induced softening-ester bond scission-diffusion channel construction" mechanism was validated.
  • The developed strategy offers an effective pathway for intelligent degradation control of downhole plugs.
  • This research addresses the limitations of current degradable plugs in high-temperature reservoir applications.