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Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
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Urethane Macromonomers: Key Components for the Development of Light-Cured High-Impact Denture Bases.

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New urethane macromonomers were synthesized for high-impact denture bases using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. Formulations with a toughening agent met ISO standards for 3D printable denture bases.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials Science
  • 3D Printing Technology

Background:

  • Developing high-impact denture bases for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing requires materials with excellent flexural strength, modulus, and fracture toughness.
  • Existing denture base materials often struggle to balance these mechanical properties, limiting their suitability for advanced manufacturing techniques like DLP 3D printing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel urethane macromonomers (UMs) for DLP 3D printable denture base formulations.
  • To evaluate the impact of these UMs and a triblock copolymer toughening agent (BCP1) on the mechanical properties of light-cured materials.
  • To identify formulations meeting ISO 20795-1:2013 standards for high-impact denture bases.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of eight urethane macromonomers (UMs1-8) via a one-pot, two-step reaction involving rigid diols, diisocyanates, and polymerizable monomers.
  • Formulation of light-cured materials by combining UMs with a monofunctional monomer and a poly(ε-caprolactone)-polydimethylsiloxane-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-PDMS-PCL) triblock copolymer (BCP1).
  • Characterization of double-bond conversion, glass transition temperature (Tg), flexural strength/modulus, and fracture toughness of the cured materials.

Main Results:

  • Incorporation of BCP1 significantly enhanced fracture toughness, particularly in networks with low crosslink density.
  • The structure of the urethane macromonomer critically influenced the balance between flexural properties and fracture toughness.
  • Formulations based on UMs1 and UM2, with optimized BCP1 content, successfully met ISO 20795-1:2013 requirements for high-impact materials.

Conclusions:

  • Novel urethane macromonomers, particularly UM1 and UM2, are effective building blocks for high-performance denture base materials.
  • The strategic use of BCP1 as a toughening agent is crucial for achieving superior fracture toughness in DLP 3D printable formulations.
  • These developed formulations are highly suitable for creating 3D printable, high-impact denture bases that comply with international standards.