Molecular Networks Governing Plant Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Global warming is leading to an increase in extreme-temperature events, posing a significant threat to crop productivity and global food security. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to perceive and respond to both heat and cold stress. While these mechanisms share certain similarities, they also exhibit distinct differences, enabling plants to effectively cope with extreme temperatures. This review summarizes recent findings on the mechanisms underlying plant perception and response to extreme temperature stresses. Additionally, we compare the signaling pathways for heat and cold stress in plants and discuss the remaining challenges in the field. Finally, we address unresolved issues and propose future directions.