Advancing Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and Functional Assessment: A Narrative Review of CPET and ESE...

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Exercise Physiology

Background:

• Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) assesses metabolic and ventilatory function.
• Exercise stress Echocardiography (ESE) visualizes cardiac structure and function during stress.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the physiological basis and parameters of CPET and ESE.
• To highlight their complementary roles in cardiovascular diagnostics and prognostication.
• To explore their clinical utility in unexplained dyspnea and exercise-induced hemodynamic abnormalities.

Main Methods:

• Review of physiological foundations and core parameters of CPET and ESE.
• Integration of metabolic, ventilatory, and hemodynamic data with real-time cardiac imaging.

Main Results:

• CPET-ESE offers a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular function under physiological stress.
• The combined modality detects subtle hemodynamic abnormalities and assesses functional capacity.
• It aids in earlier diagnosis and targeted interventions.

Conclusions:

• CPET-ESE is a valuable tool for cardiovascular disease evaluation.
• It improves patient-specific treatment strategies and clinical outcomes.