Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation

Area of Science:

• Food Science
• Nutritional Science
• Analytical Chemistry

Background:

• Bee pollen is a nutrient-rich substance collected by honeybees, containing macronutrients and micronutrients.
• Minerals are essential micronutrients found in bee pollen, varying by botanical and geographical origin.
• Understanding mineral content and bioaccessibility is crucial for assessing dietary value and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

• To determine the macro and trace mineral content of bee pollen from diverse origins.
• To assess the bioaccessibility of these minerals through in vitro digestion.
• To evaluate the dietary contribution and potential health risks associated with bee pollen consumption.

Main Methods:

• Analysis of macro and trace minerals in seven bee pollen samples (monofloral and multifloral).
• Simulated in vitro digestion to assess mineral bioaccessibility (gastric and intestinal phases).
• Calculation of dietary contribution to Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and health risk assessment.

Main Results:

• Potassium was the most abundant mineral; iron, manganese, and copper were trace elements.
• Castanea sativa pollen exhibited the highest mineral content; Nigella spp. had the lowest calcium, magnesium, and copper.
• Mineral bioaccessibility order post-digestion: K > Mg > Cu > Ca > Mn > Fe > Zn.
• Manganese provided the highest dietary contribution (16% for women, 12% for men); calcium was lowest (<1% RDA).

Conclusions:

• Bee pollen is a valuable source of essential minerals, with varying content based on origin.
• Mineral bioaccessibility differs, with most minerals being more available during the gastric phase.
• Consumption of bee pollen at 40 g/day is safe and contributes to nutrient intake without health risks.