Circadian Clock Deregulation and Metabolic Reprogramming: A System Biology Approach to Tissue-Specific Redox...

Circadian rhythms govern cellular metabolism, redox balance, and endocrine signaling in numerous tissues. However, chronic disturbance of these biological rhythms, mediated by modern lifestyle factors including shift work, sleep irregularity, and prolonged light exposure, has been increasingly associated with oxidative stress, metabolic dysregulation, and the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. This review discusses recent mechanistic advances that link circadian misalignment with tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming and impaired proteostasis, focusing on metabolic inflammation and associated pathologies. Emerging work reveals a close interdependence between the circadian clock and proteasome-mediated protein turnover and highlights this interplay's importance in maintaining redox homeostasis. Furthermore, circadian modulation of the activity of the inflammasome complex is suggested to represent an important, but largely unexplored, risk factor in the pathobiology of both malignancy and metabolic syndrome. Recently, researchers have proposed them as novel endocrine regulators of systemic energy balance and inflammation, with a focus on their circadian regulation. In addition, the emerging domains of chrono-epigenetics and tissue-specific programming of the clock pathways may serve to usher in novel therapies through precision medicine. Moving ahead, circadian-based therapeutic approaches, including time-restricted feeding, chronopharmacology, and metabolic rewiring, have high potential for re-establishing physiological domain homeostasis linked to metabolic inflammation pathologies. Elucidating this reciprocal relationship between circadian biology and cellular stress pathways may one day facilitate the generation of precise interventions aiming to alleviate the health burden associated with circadian disruption.