Cracking the Code of Oocyte Quality: The Oxidative Stress Link to IVF Success

The success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and female reproductive capacity are significantly determined by oocyte quality. Increasing data highlights the significance of oxidative stress-a state of imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses-in regulating oocyte competence. Normal folliculogenesis and ovulation rely on optimal ROS levels; excessive oxidative stress (OS) can lead to DNA fragmentation, undermine meiotic spindle integrity, and trigger apoptosis in cumulus and granulosa cells. Molecular insults impair nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, thereby impacting fertilization potential and embryonic development. Individuals with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, advanced maternal age, and metabolic disorders-conditions associated with suboptimal IVF outcomes-frequently exhibit redox imbalance. This narrative review examines significant oxidative markers in the follicular environment, exploring the molecular processes linking OS to diminished oocyte quality and discussing therapy techniques aimed at mitigating oxidative damage. Maintaining redox homeostasis in the ovarian milieu appears to be an effective strategy for enhancing oocyte competence and optimizing outcomes in assisted reproduction.