Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Pople Notation01:09

¹H NMR: Pople Notation

1.9K
The Pople nomenclature system classifies spin systems based on the difference between their chemical shifts. Coupled spins are denoted by capital letters with subscripts indicating the number of equivalent nuclei. When the coupled nuclei have well-separated chemical shifts, they are assigned letters that are far apart in the alphabet, such as A and X. When the difference in chemical shifts is small, coupled nuclei are named using adjacent letters of the alphabet (AB, MN, or XY).
A proton...
1.9K
Nomenclature of Alkynes02:39

Nomenclature of Alkynes

19.2K
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds and have a general formula CnH2n-2. The nomenclature of alkynes follows a set of rules similar to alkanes and alkenes; however, alkynes bear the suffix "-yne" instead of "-ane" or "-ene." There are two approaches to naming alkynes:
19.2K
Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides01:20

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

10.1K
Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and have instructions for its functioning. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and the organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria....
10.1K
Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms

24.5K

An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum...
24.5K
The X̄ Chart00:58

The X̄ Chart

199
The  x̄ chart is a statistical tool for monitoring the means in a process.
The x̄ chart, often known as the individual control chart, is a crucial tool in statistical process control. It is designed to monitor process behavior and performance over time and is widely used in various industries to ensure that processes are operating at their optimum capacity and within specified limits.
A x̄ chart is constructed by plotting individual measurements of a quality...
199
Mnemonic Devices01:23

Mnemonic Devices

184
Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
Acronyms
Acronyms are created by using the initial letters of a series of words to form a new word or phrase. This approach condenses complex information into a single, memorable entity. For example,...
184

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Acyclic serinol nucleic acid modification of siRNAs overcomes seed region mediated off-target effects while maintaining potency.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

A metal ion-dependent mechanism promoting gain of function in NEIL1 variants.

International journal of radiation biology·2026
Same author

Synthesis of siRNAs containing carbocyclic nucleotides and the role of cyclopentane conformation in RNAi activity.

RSC chemical biology·2026
Same author

Xeno-nucleic acids support formation of Ag(I)-mediated duplexes and silver nanoclusters.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

New targets and procedures for validating the valence geometry of nucleic acid structures.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

Allele-specific knockdown by an engineered DNAzyme capable of RNase H1 evasion.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

MAPK/ERK signaling regulates H3K9me3 heterochromatin reorganization to confer mesendoderm developmental competence.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

Antibody-trapping presents a widespread pitfall for microscopy and genomics in the nucleus.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

Dosage compensation defects due to roX RNA loss are rescued by recalibration of X/autosome stoichiometry.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

RNA G-quadruplexes function as a tunable switch of FUS phase separation.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

Persistence of large mtDNA rearrangements linked to premature aging in Pol γ exonuclease-deficient mice.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same journal

Transcriptional interference drives intronic polyadenylation at the endogenous H13/Mcts2 locus.

Nucleic acids research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Automated Interactive Video Playback for Studies of Animal Communication
07:21

Automated Interactive Video Playback for Studies of Animal Communication

Published on: February 9, 2011

13.7K

The XNA alphabet.

John C Chaput1,2,3,4, Martin Egli5, Piet Herdewijn1,6

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3958, United States.

Nucleic Acids Research
|July 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemists have created a diverse XNA alphabet of synthetic nucleic acids. Understanding their structure is key to unlocking applications in synthetic genetics and therapeutics.

More Related Videos

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish
14:43

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish

Published on: July 18, 2020

8.1K
Swin-PSAxialNet: An Efficient Multi-Organ Segmentation Technique
04:48

Swin-PSAxialNet: An Efficient Multi-Organ Segmentation Technique

Published on: July 5, 2024

528

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Automated Interactive Video Playback for Studies of Animal Communication
07:21

Automated Interactive Video Playback for Studies of Animal Communication

Published on: February 9, 2011

13.7K
Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish
14:43

Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish

Published on: July 18, 2020

8.1K
Swin-PSAxialNet: An Efficient Multi-Organ Segmentation Technique
04:48

Swin-PSAxialNet: An Efficient Multi-Organ Segmentation Technique

Published on: July 5, 2024

528

Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Over 50 years, chemists have synthesized diverse sugar-modified nucleic acids, termed xenonucleic acids (XNAs).
  • XNA systems are broadly classified into those interacting with natural nucleic acids and those that are orthogonal.
  • The sugar moiety of XNAs dictates their conformation, influencing hybridization and applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review sugar-modified XNA systems developed to date.
  • To explore geometric parameters and physicochemical principles governing XNA conformation.
  • To understand XNA orthogonality to natural DNA and RNA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of XNA systems.
  • Analysis of geometric and physicochemical properties of XNAs.
  • Discussion of XNA conformational behavior and hybridization.

Main Results:

  • Overview of various sugar-modified XNA systems.
  • Identification of key factors influencing XNA conformation and hybridization.
  • Emphasis on the importance of XNA orthogonality.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding XNA conformational behavior is crucial for rational design.
  • Insights facilitate XNA replication and evolution.
  • XNAs hold potential for synthetic genetics, therapeutics, diagnostics, and nanotechnology.