Engineered biomembrane-camouflaged nanoparticles: Promising strategies to treat inflammatory skeletal diseases

Inflammatory skeletal diseases often result in significant pain and deformities of bone and the surrounding joint tissues, which subsequently cause disorders of immune regulation and calcium‑phosphorus metabolism, greatly impacting patients' quality of life. The precision of drug delivery in inflammatory skeletal diseases is usually limited. Traditional therapies for these conditions require high doses, offer limited efficacy, and frequently lead to side effects that compromise healthy tissues, particularly with prolonged use. Addressing these limitations, biomembrane-camouflaged nanoparticles present a precise and innovative therapeutic strategy with enhanced biocompatibility, targeted delivery to diseased tissues, pharmacokinetic properties, and immune evasion capabilities, improving therapeutic efficacy while reducing adverse effects on healthy tissues, thus adding a vital dimension to inflammatory skeletal disease treatment. By integrating multiple therapeutic functions within a single nanoplatform, these nanostructures introduce transformative strategies that enhance traditional treatment approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the biogenesis, preparation, and functional properties of nanoparticles camouflaged by biomembranes - cell membranes, - extracellular vesicles (EVs), and - liposomes and explore their potential when combined with nanotechnology. Further, we detail biomembrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for inflammatory skeletal disease treatment, examining their applications in osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteomyelitis, osteolysis, and periodontitis. It highlights key advances in immunogenicity reduction, targeted drug delivery, and immune modulation for the effective management of inflammatory skeletal diseases.