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Related Concept Videos

Types of Global Positioning System Surveys01:30

Types of Global Positioning System Surveys

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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Field Application of Global Positioning System01:28

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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Introduction to Global Positioning System01:30

Introduction to Global Positioning System

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) revolutionized positioning on Earth, providing precise location data through satellite ranging. The GPS system was developed in 1978 by the U.S. Department of Defense  for military use, and it became available for civilian applications in 1983, transforming fields including navigation, fleet management, and time synchronization for telecommunications systems.GPS consists of satellites in medium Earth orbit, about 20,200 kilometers above the surface,...
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Errors in Global Positioning System01:26

Errors in Global Positioning System

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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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Distance Measurements by Taping01:18

Distance Measurements by Taping

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Tapes are essential in surveying for accurate, durable, and short-distance measurements. Made from lightweight, nylon-coated steel, they offer flexibility and strength for rugged outdoor use. The nylon coating protects against rust and wear, extending the tape's life. Standard lengths, around 30 meters, are marked in meters and millimeters for precision.Surveyors select tapes based on site conditions and accuracy needs. Lightweight, nylon-coated tapes are commonly used for ease of handling and...
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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

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A secure and imperceptible communication system for sharing co-ordinate data.

Ranjeet Bidwe1, Sahil Kale2, Gautam Khaire2

  • 1Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune Campus, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune, 412115, India. ranjeetbidwe@hotmail.com.

Scientific Reports
|July 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a secure communication system for military use, combining AES encryption and image steganography to protect sensitive location data. The novel framework ensures imperceptible data transmission, resisting detection and attacks.

Keywords:
AES encryptionColour plane splicingCryptographyHash-based LSB steganographyInformation hidingMulti-image steganography

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Information Security
  • Cryptography

Background:

  • Military operations require secure and imperceptible communication for sensitive data like geographical coordinates.
  • Existing systems face vulnerabilities in data transmission and key exchange.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel hybrid framework for secure transmission of coordinate data over TCP/IP networks.
  • To develop an imperceptible, efficient, and practical system for sensitive location data communication.

Main Methods:

  • Combining Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)-based encryption with hash-driven multi-image steganography.
  • Utilizing perceptual color plane splicing for enhanced imperceptibility against visual and statistical detection.
  • Eliminating traditional vulnerabilities in transmission and key exchange.

Main Results:

  • Achieved peak PSNR of 94.76 dB and average PSNR > 82 dB, well above the 36 dB visibility threshold.
  • Maintained Mean Square Error (MSE) consistently below 0.001, with histogram analysis confirming visual consistency.
  • Demonstrated robustness against modern steganographic attack tools (StegExpose, StegDetect) and resilience against passive and advanced attackers.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework provides an end-to-end secure transmission system for coordinate data, filling a critical research gap.
  • The system is well-suited for real-time military scenarios demanding confidentiality, untraceability, and minimal footprint.
  • The hybrid approach offers a powerful, efficient, and practical solution for secure communication of sensitive location data.