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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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A newly developed eGFP-traceable recombinant rhesus lymphocryptovirus, a tool to study viral infection and replication <i>in vitro</i> and <i>ex vivo</i>, confirms gp350 as key for viral entry.

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Non-human Primate Lymphocryptoviruses: Past, Present, and Future.

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Non-human primate lymphocryptoviruses (LCVs) are closely related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Rhesus macaques and marmosets serve as vital animal models for studying EBV infection and developing new vaccines.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Comparative Pathology

Background:

  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related lymphocryptoviruses (LCVs) exist in non-human primates (NHPs).
  • Early studies used serology and DNA hybridization to detect LCVs in various NHP species.
  • Molecular and genomic analyses show conserved genome organization and protein homology between human and NHP LCVs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review progress in characterizing primate LCVs.
  • To highlight the utility of NHP models for EBV research.
  • To explore the future of EBV vaccine development using these models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical serologic and DNA hybridization studies.
  • Analysis of molecular and genomic data from LCVs.
  • Evaluation of cross-infection experiments and animal model studies.

Main Results:

  • NHP LCVs share significant genomic and protein similarities with EBV.
  • Rhesus macaque lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV) infection models human EBV infection and pathogenesis.
  • Common marmosets provide a platform for EBV vaccine development.

Conclusions:

  • Primate LCV research has advanced significantly over six decades.
  • Rhesus macaques and common marmosets are crucial experimental models for EBV.
  • These NHP models are instrumental in advancing EBV research and vaccine strategies.