Design and application of flexible wearable sensors based on optical fibers

Optical fiber flexible wearable sensors are extensively utilized in healthcare, sports training, smart textiles, and environmental monitoring, owing to their lightweight, portability, biocompatibility, and excellent stretchability. These sensors are distinguished by their high sensitivity, accuracy, and non-invasive monitoring capabilities, excelling at detecting subtle mechanical changes like respiratory rate and muscle activity. Additionally, they offer significant advantages regarding biocompatibility and resistance to electromagnetic interference. Recent research has concentrated on enhancing the performance and flexibility of optical fiber sensors by incorporating novel materials such as polydimethylsiloxane, polymethyl methacrylate, and hydrogels, which improve their stretchability and optical transparency. Furthermore, integrating machine learning and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has enabled optimized data processing, facilitating real-time, precise monitoring of physiological parameters. However, challenges related to sensor integration, stability, and cost persist. Addressing these issues is crucial for establishing optical fiber wearable sensors as reliable clinical tools. This paper reviews the latest advancements in optical fiber flexible wearable sensors, discussing their working principles, manufacturing processes, and applications in healthcare, sports, and smart textiles. It also highlights challenges related to sensor design, energy management, data transmission, and integration with artificial intelligence, offering recommendations to improve sensor performance and broaden their application scope.