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Blood Flow

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
Chemical Signaling in Autoregulation
Chemical signaling operates at the precapillary sphincter level, inciting either contraction or relaxation.

Applications of Integration to Find Blood Flow

Applications of Integration to Find Blood Flow

Blood flow through a cylindrical blood vessel can be mathematically described using the principles of laminar flow, a regime in which fluid moves smoothly in parallel layers. In this model, the velocity of the blood is not uniform across the cross-section of the vessel; rather, it varies with the radial distance from the center. The maximum velocity occurs along the central axis, decreasing progressively toward the vessel walls, where it reaches zero due to viscous drag.Approximating Blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2026

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Published on: February 17, 2013

Head Positioning for Stroke Blood Flow Augmentation Assisting Reperfusion Therapies Study.

Rudy Goh¹, Edmund Cheong², Lizzie Dodd²

¹Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, rudy.goh@sa.gov.au.

Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 13, 2025

Summary

Head-down (Trendelenburg) positioning modestly improved brain perfusion in acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion. This technique was generally well-tolerated and may benefit those with delayed reperfusion.

Keywords:

Acute ischaemic stroke Head down Large vessel occlusion

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Published on: June 18, 2021

Area of Science:

Neurology
Medical Imaging
Stroke Research

Background:

Cerebral perfusion in acute ischemic stroke is critical for patient outcomes.
The efficacy of head-lowered positions to improve brain perfusion remains uncertain.
Quantitative computed tomography perfusion (CTP) allows objective measurement of ischemic tissue.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if 20-degree Trendelenburg positioning improves cerebral perfusion in acute ischemic stroke patients.
To assess changes in ischemic lesion volume using CTP.
To evaluate the safety and tolerability of Trendelenburg positioning.

Main Methods:

Prospective, single-arm study of 25 acute ischemic stroke patients (≥60 years) with large vessel occlusion (LVO).
CTP was performed in routine position and after 5 minutes of 20-degree Trendelenburg positioning.
Clinical severity (NIHSS) and blood pressure were monitored; Trendelenburg was continued for 24h if reperfusion was suboptimal.

Main Results:

Median delay time >3s lesion volume decreased by 18 mL with Trendelenburg positioning (p=0.0027).
60% of patients showed significant lesion volume reduction; 7 received continued Trendelenburg positioning.
Systolic blood pressure remained stable, and head positioning did not alter clinical severity (NIHSS).
Trendelenburg positioning was well-tolerated with no serious adverse events.

Conclusions:

Head-down (Trendelenburg) positioning offers a modest improvement in penumbral perfusion for acute LVO ischemic stroke.
This positioning is generally well-tolerated and safe.
Further investigation is warranted, particularly in patients with delayed or failed reperfusion.