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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
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Evaluating PM<sub>2.5</sub> acidity using thermodynamic models and source contributions in Eastern India.

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Understanding PM-bound trace element solubilities: Controls, anthropogenic and natural sources.

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Heavy metal pollution in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a growing concern. This study identified key sources of PM2.5-bound trace elements and found that lockdowns reduced the mobility of elements from human activities.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Atmospheric Chemistry

Background:

  • Urbanization and industrialization increase heavy metal pollution in fine particulate matter (PM2.5).
  • Understanding the chemical characteristics and sources of PM2.5-bound trace elements (TEs) is crucial for environmental and health risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the chemical fractions and sources of key TEs in PM2.5.
  • To analyze the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on TE mobility and bioavailability.

Main Methods:

  • A two-year (2019-2020) study analyzed key TEs (Al, Si, Ca, Fe, Ti, K, S, P, Mn, Ni, V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb) in PM2.5.
  • A four-step sequential extraction method and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry were used for TE analysis.
  • Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to identify TE sources.

Main Results:

  • The PMF model identified five main sources of TEs in PM2.5: mineral dust, agricultural crop burning, vehicular emissions, coal combustion, and industrial emissions.
  • TE mobility from geogenic sources increased in 2020, likely due to secondary inorganic species formation.
  • Mobility of TEs from anthropogenic sources decreased during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns.

Conclusions:

  • Anthropogenic activities significantly influence the abundance, solubility, and bioavailability of TEs in PM2.5.
  • Environmental policies and lockdowns can alter the behavior and impact of PM2.5-bound TEs.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term implications of these findings on ecosystem and human health.