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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Overview01:20

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

Applications Of NMR In Biology

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
The...
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
07:28

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Multifunctional terahertz device with angular resilience for biomedical sensing and polarization conversion.

Lei Gao1, Taha Sheheryar2, Bo Lv2

  • 1First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China. gaolei_yida@126.com.

The Analyst
|July 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We developed a novel terahertz device integrating polarization control and biosensing. This cost-effective, dual-function technology enhances terahertz applications in polarization manipulation and refractive index sensing.

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Area of Science:

  • Terahertz Technology
  • Optoelectronics
  • Biomedical Sensing

Background:

  • Existing terahertz devices often lack dual functionality, limiting integrated system applications.
  • High-performance devices for both electromagnetic wave manipulation and biomedical detection are in high demand.
  • Current polarization control and biosensing devices are typically specialized, hindering multifunctional integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a cost-effective terahertz device with integrated broadband cross-polarization transformation and refractive index sensing.
  • To address the limitations of single-function devices in terahertz technology.
  • To enable multifunctional terahertz systems through a single, fabrication-friendly device.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of aluminum patterned resonators on a Rogers RT5870 dielectric layer.
  • Characterization of polarization conversion ratio across a broad terahertz spectrum.
  • Evaluation of refractive index sensing sensitivity and performance with biological samples.

Main Results:

  • Achieved >94% polarization conversion ratio over a 3.492 THz bandwidth, with peak efficiencies >99.9%.
  • Demonstrated stable performance up to 40° oblique incidence.
  • Obtained a peak refractive index sensitivity of 1.35 THz RIU-1, successfully distinguishing between healthy and diseased tissues.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed device offers a unique dual functionality for advanced polarization control and precise biomedical diagnostics.
  • Its cost-effectiveness, fabrication-friendliness, and ultra-broadband performance surpass current state-of-the-art specialized devices.
  • This work bridges a research gap, paving the way for versatile, multifunctional terahertz systems.