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Central Blood Pressure and Augmentation Index in Older Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

T I M Hilgenkamp^1,2, A Oppewal², M N Bohmer²

¹Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR

|July 14, 2025

Insights

Older adults with intellectual disabilities face higher cardiovascular risks. This study found females with intellectual disabilities have elevated central blood pressure and augmentation index compared to males, with age-related increases observed in females.

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Gerontology
Intellectual Disabilities Research

Background:

Older adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) exhibit increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk compared to the general population.
Understanding central hemodynamics, including central blood pressure (BP) and augmentation index, is crucial for risk stratification and treatment optimization in this demographic.
This research investigates these hemodynamic parameters in large cohorts of older adults with ID.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate central blood pressure and augmentation index in older adults with intellectual disabilities.
To analyze the distribution of these hemodynamic measures across different age ranges and sexes.
To explore associations between central hemodynamics, cardiovascular risk factors, and existing CVD.

Main Methods:

Data from two cohorts, the Healthy Ageing and Intellectual Disabilities (HA-ID) study (n=121, ≥60 years) and the Intellectual Disability Supplement to the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (IDS-TILDA) study (n=115, ≥40 years), were analyzed.
Central blood pressure and augmentation index were measured using the Mobil-O-Graph device.
Bivariate correlations were employed to examine relationships between hemodynamic measures, CVD risk factors, and CVD history.

Main Results:

Mean brachial BP was 133/81 mmHg in the HA-ID cohort and 127/81 mmHg in the IDS-TILDA cohort.
Mean central systolic BP (cSBP) was 122 mmHg in HA-ID and 120 mmHg in IDS-TILDA.
Central diastolic BP (cDBP) was 82 mmHg in both cohorts, with central pulse pressure (cPP) of 40 mmHg (HA-ID) and 38 mmHg (IDS-TILDA).

Conclusions:

Females with intellectual disabilities demonstrated higher central blood pressures, augmentation pressure, and augmentation index compared to males.
An age-related increase in central blood pressures was observed in females with intellectual disabilities.

Read full analysis

Abstract

Background:

Older adults with intellectual disabilities are at a higher cardiovascular risk than their peers in the general population. Investigating central blood pressure and augmentation index is necessary to better understand the risk of cardiovascular disease, to better identify those individuals at risk and to potentially change pharmacological treatment regimens. We therefore aim to investigate central blood pressure and augmentation index in two large cohorts (total N = 237) of older adults with intellectual disabilities, across different age ranges and sexes. Additionally, we will explore the cross-sectional relationships of central blood pressure and augmentation index with other cardiovascular risk factors and the presence of cardiovascular disease across a broad age range.

Method:

Collected data of two cohorts of older adults with intellectual disabilities were included: n = 121 individuals with intellectual disabilities of ≥ 60 years from the Healthy Ageing and Intellectual Disabilities (HA-ID) study, and n = 115 individuals with intellectual disabilities ≥ 40 years from The Intellectual Disability Supplement to the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (IDS-TILDA) study. The Mobil-O-Graph was used to measure central blood pressure and augmentation index. The distribution of haemodynamic measures across different sex and age groups was reported, and bivariate correlations were calculated to explore associations between haemodynamic measures, cardiovascular risk factors and history of CVD.

Results:

Mean brachial pressures for the HA-ID cohort (mean age 71 ± 6 years) was 133/81 mmHg. The slightly younger IDS-TILDA cohort (mean age 60 ± 9 years) had a median brachial blood pressure of 127/81. Mean central SBP (cSBP) in the older HA-ID cohort was 122 mmHg versus 120 mmHg in the younger IDS-TILDA cohort, with a central DBP (cDBP) of 82 mmHg in both cohorts, and a central pulse pressure (cPP, cSBP-cDBP) of 40 mmHg for the HA-ID cohort and 38 mmHg for the IDS-TILDA cohort.

Conclusions:

Females with intellectual disabilities had higher central blood pressures, augmentation pressure and augmentation index than males, and females showed an age-related increase in central blood pressures.

Keywords:

ageing augmentation index cardiovascular risk central blood pressure down syndrome intellectual disability

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