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Sampling Plans

Sampling Plans

Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
Random sampling is a method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. It involves selecting individuals randomly, often using random number generators or lottery-type methods. For example, when analyzing the properties of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

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Identifying Populations with Elevated PFAS Exposure by Targeted Serum Sample Pooling.

Sandra Nilsson¹, Jennifer Bräunig^1,2, Ava Mueller¹

¹Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD Australia.

Exposure and Health

|July 14, 2025

Summary

Geographical pooling of surplus pathology samples effectively identified elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in communities near contamination sites. This biomonitoring approach aids rapid surveillance of persistent chemical exposure risks.

Keywords:

Biological monitoring Contamination Cross-sectional studies PFAS

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Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Toxicology
Biomonitoring

Background:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are globally monitored due to health concerns.
Australia has established biomonitoring of PFAS since 2002 using pooled serum.
Human exposure levels near known PFAS contamination sites remain largely unassessed.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of geographical pooling of surplus pathology samples for detecting elevated PFAS exposure.
To assess human exposure in populations residing near identified PFAS hotspots in Australia.

Main Methods:

Collected and geographically pooled de-identified surplus pathology serum samples (n > 1800) from postcodes near three PFAS hotspots.
Analyzed pooled samples for PFAS concentrations.
Compared results with existing Australian Human Biomonitoring (HBM) project data.

Main Results:

PFAS concentrations were significantly higher in samples from two of the three assessed hotspots compared to the Australian HBM project.
This indicates potential elevated population exposure to PFAS in these specific communities.
Targeted serum pooling proved effective in identifying exposure indications.

Conclusions:

Geographical pooling of surplus pathology samples is a viable tool for identifying elevated population exposure to persistent chemicals.
This method can facilitate rapid surveillance and investigation of communities near contamination sites.
The approach offers a cost-effective strategy for environmental health monitoring.