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Related Concept Videos

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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The thigh's motion is primarily governed by muscles originating in the pelvic girdle and inserted into the femur. One crucial muscle, the iliopsoas, is a combination of the psoas major and the iliacus muscles, sharing a common insertion point on the lesser trochanter of the femur.
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Author Spotlight: Double Posteromedial Approach for Treating Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts
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Superior-lateral patella dislocation with rotation along its vertical axis.

Patrick McNeal1, Elizabeth B Winton1, Marc T Bartman1

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA.

Acute Medicine & Surgery
|July 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Superior-lateral patellar dislocations with vertical axis rotation are rare and difficult to treat. A novel technique involving hip flexion and modified forces successfully reduced a complex case, highlighting the need for specialized approaches.

Keywords:
emergency medicineknee injuriespatella dislocationreduction techniques

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Knee Surgery

Background:

  • Patellar dislocations are common orthopedic injuries.
  • Superior-lateral patellar dislocation with vertical axis rotation is a rare and challenging variant.
  • Prompt and accurate reduction is crucial to prevent complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a rare case of superior-lateral patellar dislocation with vertical axis rotation.
  • To present a successful reduction technique for this complex injury.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing and managing challenging patellar dislocations.

Main Methods:

  • A case presentation of a young woman with a complex patellar dislocation.
  • Description of a novel reduction technique involving hip flexion, modified varus-valgus force, and knee extension.
  • Comparison with traditional reduction methods that proved ineffective.

Main Results:

  • Successful reduction of a rare superior-lateral patellar dislocation with vertical axis rotation.
  • Demonstration of the efficacy of the described specialized technique.
  • Avoidance of complications associated with delayed or failed reduction.

Conclusions:

  • Emergency clinicians must be aware of rare patellar dislocation types.
  • A modified reduction technique can be effective for complex patellar dislocations.
  • Early orthopedic consultation is recommended for challenging cases to optimize outcomes.