Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Current Insights

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) results from retrograde movement of gastric content into the esophagus and beyond, resulting in symptoms, mucosal injury and long-term complications. Typical symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation are highly suggestive of GERD, but atypical presentations require careful evaluation to rule out alternative diagnoses. Diagnostic modalities, including endoscopy, ambulatory reflux monitoring, and high-resolution manometry, play a pivotal role in confirming GERD and guiding personalized treatment. Management strategies consist of lifestyle modifications, pharmacologic therapy with anti-secretory agents, and adjunctive treatments such as alginates and baclofen. For refractory cases, surgical and endoscopic interventions offer durable symptom relief. Complications of GERD can be esophageal or extraesophageal, and highlight the importance of early diagnosis and effective management. The prognosis for GERD is generally favorable with appropriate treatment, although refractory cases require a tailored approach to address overlapping conditions such as disorders of gut-brain interaction and behavioral disorders. A multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach optimizes outcomes and improves the quality of life for individuals with GERD. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current insights into GERD, focusing on clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic options.