MXene-Integrated Composites for Biomedical Applications: Synthesis, Cancer Diagnosis, and Emerging Frontiers

MXenes, a novel class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides, have gained significant attention in biomedicine. They are synthesized via two main approaches: top-down etching of MAX (here, M represents an early transition metal, A represents an element belonging to the A-group, and X represents N or C) phase precursors and bottom-up chemical reduction of metal oxides. While the MAX phase method requires high temperatures, influencing morphology and posing safety concerns, alternative non-MAX synthesis routes are emerging. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, MXene-based composites hold great promise in regenerative medicine, biosensing, and cancer therapy. However, challenges related to their stability, controlled drug release, and biodegradability remain. This review explores advancements in MXene synthesis, emphasizing non-MAX phase fabrication and biomedical applications. Notably, MXene-based composites have shown remarkable potential in cancer treatment, particularly in photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations are discussed, along with future prospects and challenges in clinical translation. The development of MXene composites offers new avenues for innovative cancer therapies, paving the way for improved treatment strategies.