Surgery for Aspergillus Empyema with Refractory Pleural Fistula Following COVID-19 Pneumonia after Temporizing...

Approximately 20% of patients who contract coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia require oxygen therapy; of these patients, approximately 5% progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, necessitating mechanical ventilation. The incidence of secondary infections among patients with COVID-19 is relatively low (16% for bacterial infections and 6.3% for fungal infections), but is predominantly observed in those with severe respiratory failure. Microvascular damage in COVID-19 can also lead to thrombus formation, causing infarctions, and in some cases, necrotizing pneumonia with cavity formation. Pulmonary resection may be necessary in patients who develop pneumothorax or empyema. Management options in complicated COVID-19 continue to evolve and should be individualized. Here, we present a case of Aspergillus empyema with refractory pleural fistula following COVID-19 pneumonia.

The patient was hospitalized in the intensive care unit for respiratory failure caused by COVID-19 pneumonia and developed a right pneumothorax 1 month after admission, with a halo sign in the middle lobe on computed tomography. Persistent massive air leakage and hypoxia developed, even with mechanical ventilation. Initially, to reduce the massive air leakage, endobronchial silicone spigot (endobronchial Watanabe spigot: EWS) were placed in the right B2 and middle lobe bronchi to stabilize the severe respiratory failure and septic shock. After EWS placement, the air leak decreased, with gradual improvement in the patient's multi-organ failure status. Subsequently, the patient underwent a right middle lobectomy and upper lobe wedge resection. Histopathology confirmed an active Aspergillus infection in the resected lung, and voriconazole was administered postoperatively. Air leakage persisted postoperatively, necessitating repeat surgery and, finally, thoracoplasty and negative pressure wound therapy. The patient was eventually discharged with home oxygen therapy.

This case illustrates the successful treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with refractory pulmonary fistula and empyema following COVID-19 pneumonia using a combination of endoscopic and surgical interventions. In cases of severe COVID-19 pneumonia, clinicians must remain vigilant for secondary infections, including aspergillosis. EWS placement can be effective in reducing significant air leakage and stabilizing patients' condition.