Facial artery-based flap for oral and maxillofacial defects: a narrative review

The reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects poses considerable challenges due to their complex nature. Surgeons often face difficulties in selecting the most appropriate flap for such repairs. The procedure involving vascularized free flaps typically requires prolonged procedural times and places significant demands on surgical teams. In specific cases, facial artery-based flaps serve as an effective alternative. This article discusses the current utilization and future prospects of facial artery-based flaps in the reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects.

A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken to explore the anatomy of the facial artery and its associated structures, including muscles, glands, and nerves. The review encompasses various facial artery-derived flaps such as the submental island flap (SIF), facial artery flap (FAIF), nasolabial island flap (NAIF), facial artery myomucosal island flap (FAMMIF), and submandibular gland flap (SMGF).

The identified flaps were classified based on the branches of the facial artery, with a concise overview of their preparation methods. This article provides an in-depth discussion of the indications, contraindications, and recent advancements related to facial artery-based flaps.

Facial artery-based flaps are noted for their ease of elevation and versatility, making them valuable tools for addressing complex maxillofacial defects. Additionally, these flaps can be utilized in combination to form chimeric flaps, thereby expanding their application.

This article presents a diverse range of facial artery-based flaps, offering clinicians an enhanced selection of options for the effective repair of maxillofacial defects.