Investigating the relationship between internal spinal alignment and back shape in patients with scoliosis using...

Optical 3D surface scanning has emerged as a valuable modality for assessing spinal deformity in patients with scoliosis, avoiding radiation exposure. However, correlations remain moderate between deformation parameters obtained from radiographs and those estimated solely from the 3D back surface, referred to as the "back-shape-to-spine" approach. To improve the accuracy with which the back-shape-to-spine approach can estimate the internal spinal alignment (ISL) from 3D surface scanning, deeper understanding is required of the effect of scoliosis on the back shape. The PCdare software, which enables semi-automatic registration of 3D surface scans with the corresponding biplanar radiographs, has been used by students in a previous study to validate study protocols, generate references for estimated ISL, and evaluate correlations between the spinous process line (SPL) and ISL. This study explored the potential of the PCdare software to investigate the underlying relationship between the ISL and the 3D back shape, conducted a comparative study with 3 study protocols, and conducted an inter- and intrarater reliability (IIR) study with 6 clinicians and 10 students as raters to evaluate the applicability of PCdare when used by students. The comparative study involved 252 patients with idiopathic scoliosis from 3 studies that compared the back-shape-to-spine approach with radiography. The quality of study protocols and the relationship between internal spinal alignment and 3D back shape were both investigated by evaluating the posture alignment errors and correlations between Cobb angles. The inter- and intrarater reliability study involved 7 patients with idiopathic scoliosis and was conducted using PCdare and validated with PACS. The median Cobb angle difference (interquartile range: IQR) between students and clinicians (interclass) was 0.06° (1.5°). The ICC [confidence interval] between Cobb angles (interrater) was 0.94 [0.7,0.98]. The median absolute Cobb angle difference (IQR) between 3 repetitions (intrarater) were 4.2° (5.3°) or lower. The median Cobb angle difference (IQR) between PCdare and PACS was 1.5° (8.4°) for clinicians and 1.4° (6.9°) for students, whereas the corresponding correlation [confidence interval] was 0.94 [0.92,0.96] and 0.95 [0.93,0.96], respectively. The median RMSE (median SD) of posture alignment error ranged between 8.1 mm (5.2 mm) and 5 mm (3.5 mm), whereas the median PCC (IQR) between ISL and SPL ranged between 0.64 (0.58) and 0.99 (0.02). Students achieve outcomes comparable to clinicians when using PCdare, which underlines its reliability and ease of use. In addition, the application of PCdare to examine the quality of study protocols revealed the necessity of markers and posture alignment and delivered correlation coefficients for the relationship between internal spinal alignment and 3D back shape. These findings highlight the potential of the PCdare software to advance the non-ionizing assessment of spinal deformities and thus improve understanding of scoliosis.