Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

110.4K
Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
110.4K
Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

38.0K
In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
38.0K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

10.8K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
10.8K
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems01:15

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems

160
Oxidative reactions are pivotal in metabolizing numerous compounds, including pharmaceutical drugs. These reactions often occur in carbon-heteroatom systems, such as carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-oxygen.
In carbon-nitrogen systems, aliphatic and aromatic amines can undergo oxidative reactions. Secondary and tertiary amines, like those found in tricyclic antidepressants, can undergo N-dealkylation, a process that involves the oxidation of the alkyl group. In addition, oxidative...
160
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

2.2K
The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
2.2K
Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

348
The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
348

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Granular Creep and Its Role in Optimizing Solid Electrolyte Fabrication for All-Solid-State Batteries.

Small methods·2026
Same author

Design and commissioning of a new synchrotron beamline dedicated to X-ray footprinting mass spectrometry.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026
Same author

Revealing multiscale competing processes in the solid-state synthesis of single-crystalline layered oxide positive electrodes.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Multiscale stress dynamics in sheared liquid foams revealed by tomo-rheoscopy.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Compression-tension cell with sample manipulator for in situ X-ray nanotomography experiments.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2025
Same author

Halide segregation to boost all-solid-state lithium-chalcogen batteries.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same journal

Design Principles for Fluid Molecular Ferroelectrics.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same journal

Generating Unconventional Spin-Orbit Torques With Patterned Phase Gradients in Tungsten Thin Films.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same journal

An In Situ H<sub>2</sub>S-Activated Plasmonic Nanozyme for Near-Infrared II Photo-Thermoelectric Catalytic Therapy.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same journal

A Recyclable and Sustainable Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Electrolyte for Electrochromic Devices.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same journal

Perovskite Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Applications.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same journal

Light-Written Nonvolatile Polarization via Defect-Engineered Charge Trapping.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides
06:45

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides

Published on: September 18, 2018

8.7K

Carbon Fiber Oxidation in 4D.

Benjamin M Ringel1, Federico Semeraro2, Joseph C Ferguson2,3

  • 1Department of Aerospace Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Wright Street, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-temperature oxidation of carbon fibers, crucial for hypersonic vehicle thermal protection systems, was directly imaged. This research resolves diffusion- and reaction-limited degradation regimes, improving material modeling for re-entry environments.

Keywords:
ablationcarbon fibercarbon oxidationthermal protection systemx‐ray microtomography

More Related Videos

Dry Oxidation and Vacuum Annealing Treatments for Tuning the Wetting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays
08:59

Dry Oxidation and Vacuum Annealing Treatments for Tuning the Wetting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays

Published on: April 15, 2013

15.1K
Functionalization and Dispersion of Carbon Nanomaterials Using an Environmentally Friendly Ultrasonicated Ozonolysis Process
08:33

Functionalization and Dispersion of Carbon Nanomaterials Using an Environmentally Friendly Ultrasonicated Ozonolysis Process

Published on: May 30, 2017

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides
06:45

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides

Published on: September 18, 2018

8.7K
Dry Oxidation and Vacuum Annealing Treatments for Tuning the Wetting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays
08:59

Dry Oxidation and Vacuum Annealing Treatments for Tuning the Wetting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays

Published on: April 15, 2013

15.1K
Functionalization and Dispersion of Carbon Nanomaterials Using an Environmentally Friendly Ultrasonicated Ozonolysis Process
08:33

Functionalization and Dispersion of Carbon Nanomaterials Using an Environmentally Friendly Ultrasonicated Ozonolysis Process

Published on: May 30, 2017

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Aerospace Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • High-temperature oxidation of carbon fibers is the main degradation pathway for thermal protection systems (TPS) in hypersonic vehicles.
  • Accurate prediction of oxidation is vital for designing safe and efficient TPS, avoiding excessive mass or catastrophic failure.
  • Understanding material degradation in re-entry environments is a persistent challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly image and resolve the high-temperature oxidation of carbon fibers at the sub-micron scale.
  • To differentiate between diffusion-limited and reaction-limited degradation regimes.
  • To enable more accurate modeling of heat shield material behavior during atmospheric re-entry.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized time-resolved in situ X-ray microtomography for direct imaging of carbon fiber oxidation.
  • Analyzed degradation processes at high temperatures with sub-micron resolution.
  • Investigated the temporal evolution of material degradation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully imaged carbon fiber oxidation in real-time at high temperatures.
  • Identified and resolved two distinct oxidation regimes: diffusion-limited and reaction-limited.
  • Provided data for predicting evolving material constitutive properties.

Conclusions:

  • Direct imaging of oxidation provides critical insights into the ablation phenomenon of TPS materials.
  • The findings enable improved predictions of aerothermal response for heat shield materials in extreme environments.
  • This research advances the design and safety of hypersonic flight vehicles.