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Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow

Published on: May 6, 2010

An expanded subventricular zone supports postnatal cortical interneuron migration in gyrencephalic brains.

JaeYeon Kim^1,2, Aunoy Poddar^1,3,4, Kadellyn Sandoval^1,5

¹Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nature Neuroscience

|July 14, 2025

Summary

Neonatal brains in humans and primates have a unique structure, the Arc, which supports long-distance migration of interneurons. This Arc structure is crucial for developing the diverse cortical interneuron populations found in complex brains.

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Last Updated: Sep 15, 2025

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow

Published on: May 6, 2010

Cortical Neurogenesis: Transitioning from Advances in the Laboratory to Cell-Based Therapies

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Published on: July 19, 2007

Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Published on: June 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Comparative Anatomy

Background:

Cortical GABAergic interneurons originate in the ventral developing brain and migrate extensively.
Postnatal interneuron migration and its contribution to cortical composition across species are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the extent and contribution of postnatal interneuron migration in gyrencephalic brains.
To identify developmental structures supporting this migration.

Main Methods:

Comparative histological analysis of neonatal brains (human, nonhuman primate, piglet, marmoset, mouse).
Transcriptomic profiling of neuroblast populations.
Tracing interneuron migration pathways.

Main Results:

Gyrencephalic brains (humans, primates, piglets) possess an Arc, a specialized subventricular zone absent in lissencephalic brains (marmoset, mouse).
The Arc contains diverse interneurons migrating into frontal, cingulate, and temporal cortical regions.
Arc-targeted cortical areas show increased density of vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP+) interneurons.

Conclusions:

The Arc is a transient developmental structure facilitating extensive postnatal interneuron migration in gyrencephalic brains.
This migration pattern contributes significantly to the patterning and composition of cortical interneurons in complex brains.