Evaluating poor sleep quality and its risk factors in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients from Saudi Arabia

This study aimed to assess sleep quality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study focused on non-dialysis patients who attended CKD clinics. We used the validated Arabic version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scoring questionnaire, which involves 7 component scores, each rated on a scale of 0 to 3. These component scores were aggregated to calculate a global score that ranged from 0 to 21. A global score >5 indicated poor sleep quality. The mean participants' age was 53.8 ± 17.9 years, 66.5% were male, 93.5% were Saudi, 75.0% resided in high-altitude areas, 69.0% were married, 46% had an education level below the secondary level, 33.0% were employed, and 52.5% had a monthly income of <5000 Saudi Riyal. Regarding body mass index, 52.5% were overweight and 26% were obese. The global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score among the study cases ranged from 1 to 17, with a mean score of 6.9 ± 3.3. In total, 123 (61.5%) were classified as poor sleepers and 77 (38.5%) as good sleepers. Predictors of poor sleep quality were age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.40, P = .021), hypertension (AOR: 1.80, P = .046), diabetes mellitus (AOR: 1.64, P = .049), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (AOR: 0.78, P = .039). Most patients with CKD in our study experienced poor sleep quality. Factors such as age, history of comorbidities, and advanced CKD stages were associated with a higher likelihood of being a poor sleeper. Therefore, early screening and intervention for at-risk patients may be crucial for enhancing sleep quality among patients with CKD.