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The pathway from the solution to the steps.

Peter G Vekilov1,2, Lakshmanji Verma1, Jeremy C Palmer1

  • 1William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.

Journal of Crystal Growth
|July 15, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding solute transport during crystal growth is crucial. This study proposes a criterion based on solvent interactions to predict whether solutes reach crystal steps directly from solution or via surface diffusion, impacting crystal quality.

Keywords:
A1. Organic solventA1. Solution growthA1. Surface diffusionB1. Aqueous solutionB1. Direct incorporationB1. Mechanisms

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Area of Science:

  • Crystal Growth Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Solute transport to crystal growth sites (kinks) influences crystal morphology, quality, and utility.
  • Two primary solute supply pathways exist: direct from solution or surface diffusion from terraces.
  • Distinguishing these pathways is fundamental for controlling crystal formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental evidence differentiating direct solute supply from surface diffusion to crystal steps.
  • To propose a predictive criterion for solute access pathways based on solvent-solute and solvent-surface interactions.
  • To guide computational modeling of crystal growth.

Main Methods:

  • Review and generalization of experimental data across various crystal types (ionic, organic, protein, biomineral).
  • Analysis of solvent interactions with solute molecules and crystal surfaces.
  • Development of a predictive criterion based on these interactions.

Main Results:

  • A criterion is established to predict solute pathway based on solvent properties.
  • Strong solvent association with surfaces/solutes favors surface diffusion.
  • Weak solvent association favors direct solute incorporation into kinks.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent-surface and solvent-solute interactions are key determinants of solute transport pathways during crystal growth.
  • Accurate prediction of these pathways requires computational models to incorporate solvent effects faithfully.
  • Understanding these pathways is essential for optimizing crystal growth for desired properties.