Accumulation of SA-βGal-High Cells in Human Naïve T Cell Compartments Reveals a Stress-Adapted, Senescent-Like State

Aging is associated with a decline in immune function termed immunosenescence, characterized by accumulation of senescent-like immune cells and chronic inflammation, known as inflammaging. While senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-βGal) activity is a well-established senescence marker, its functional significance and the precise cellular subsets affected within the T cell compartment remain unclear. Here, we identify and characterize a previously unrecognized subset of naïve CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells displaying high SA-βGal activity that significantly increases with age. Despite exhibiting hallmark features of senescence such as DNA damage, nuclear envelope disruption, loss of heterochromatin, and pronounced dysregulation of autophagy and lysosomal pathways, these SA-βGal-high naïve T cells notably lack the canonical senescence marker p21CIP1 and retain robust proliferative capacity upon activation. Remarkably, naïve CD4⁺ SA-βGal-high T cells acquire cytotoxic properties including NK-like features, granzyme secretion, and the ability to induce paracrine DNA damage in endothelial cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that impaired autophagic flux contributes significantly to this phenotype. Our findings address critical knowledge gaps regarding the nature and functional plasticity of senescence-like states in naïve T cells, highlighting a novel link between lysosomal-autophagic dysfunction, cellular stress adaptation, and inflammaging. Understanding this unique T cell population provides important insights into immune aging and offers potential targets to mitigate age-associated immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation.