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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Coronary atherosclerotic plaque composition and classification in hypercholesterimic pigs.

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    Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) pigs fed a high-fat diet develop coronary atherosclerosis similar to humans. A new classification system for porcine plaques reveals similarities to human coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) types.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiovascular Research
    • Animal Models of Disease
    • Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis

    Background:

    • Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) pigs on a high-fat diet (HFD) develop coronary atherosclerotic lesions mimicking human coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD).
    • A standardized classification system for porcine atherosclerosis is currently lacking, hindering comparative research.
    • FH pigs offer a valuable pre-clinical model for atherosclerosis research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a classification system for coronary atherosclerosis in FH pigs.
    • To establish correlations between porcine plaque morphology and human CAD lesion types.
    • To underscore the utility of FH pigs as a pre-clinical model for CAD research.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolation and morphological analysis of 104 coronary plaque fragments from atherosclerotic FH pigs.
    • Quantification of plaque features including intima-media ratio, necrotic core area, and fibrous cap thickness.
    • Multifeatured clustering, immunohistochemistry, and assessment of neovascularization, collagen, calcification, and vulnerable plaque features.

    Main Results:

    • A multifeatured clustering algorithm identified four distinct porcine plaque groups (A-D).
    • Porcine plaque types A, B, C, and D were found to correspond to human lesion types III, IV, V, and VI, respectively.
    • FH pigs exhibit a spectrum of coronary atherosclerosis comparable to human CAD, including vulnerable plaque features.

    Conclusions:

    • The FH pig model demonstrates significant potential for advancing coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) research.
    • A validated classification system enhances the utility of FH pigs for studying atherosclerosis, particularly vulnerable plaques.
    • This research provides a framework for utilizing FH pigs in pre-clinical discovery research for CAD.