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Updated: Sep 15, 2025

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Published on: April 10, 2018
Periodic Paradigm in Nitrogen Reduction Catalysis: Fundamentals and Advances
Mariyam Saniya1, Saman Shaheen1, Iqra Sadiq1
1Nanochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
None:
The escalating global energy demand has intensified the pursuit of sustainable fuel alternatives, with nitrogen (N₂) reduction to ammonia (NH₃) emerging as a promising route toward achieving energy security and climate resilience, though not without formidable scientific and technical challenges. The extreme chemical inertness of N2 renders its conversion highly energy-intensive, with the conventional Haber-Bosch process operating under harsh conditions (300-500 °C, 20-30 MPa) and resulting in significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as an environmental trade-off. However, with the rise of sustainable energy research, green pathways for NH3 synthesis have gained momentum, utilizing photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photo-electrocatalytic approaches to drive N2 reduction under mild, solar-powered conditions. Although, the process comes with a disadvantage of low conversion efficiencies and light-absorption tendencies of catalyst which can get better with potential heterostructure formation and surface-interface modulations. This review focuses on the progress of NH3 synthesis via potential catalytic systems and heterostructures, along with their challenges and prospects. Moreover, this review offers insight into designing and optimizing of photocatalysts and electrocatalysts toward N2 fixation. This review aims to invigorate research in the emerging yet underexplored field of NRR, contributing meaningfully toward sustainable development and environmental stewardship.
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